1. Dura-Europos church

The Dura-Europos church holds the distinction of being the earliest identified Christian house church and is included in our list of the oldest churches in the world. It is situated in Dura-Europos, Syria, and dates back to 235 AD. French and American archaeological teams excavated the site of Dura-Europos in the 1920s and 1930s.

Determining the oldest churches in the world requires careful consideration of definitions, distinguishing between the oldest surviving building and the oldest Christian church congregation. Furthermore, it’s important to differentiate between church buildings that have been continuously used as churches and those that have been converted for other purposes, as well as between churches that have remained active and those that were closed for extended periods. Additionally, early established congregations that have maintained continuous existence are distinguished from those that have ceased to exist.

2. Megiddo church

The Megiddo church, discovered in Tel Megiddo, Israel, is among the oldest church buildings ever found by archaeologists. It dates back to the 3rd century AD when Christians were still facing persecution from the Roman Empire. Notably, a well-preserved mosaic measuring approximately 54 square meters (580 square feet) was found, featuring a Greek inscription that declares the church’s consecration to “the God Jesus Christ.” The mosaic also displays geometric figures and fish, which is an early Christian symbol.

3. Monastery of Saint Anthony

It is considered one of the oldest monasteries globally and was established by the followers of Saint Anthony, widely regarded as the first ascetic monk. Located approximately 334 km (207 miles) southeast of Cairo, the Monastery of St. Anthony holds great significance and has played a pivotal role in shaping various Coptic institutions and promoting monasticism in general. Over the years, several patriarchs have emerged from this monastery, and it continues to receive hundreds of pilgrims daily.

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4. Saint-Pierre-aux-Nonnains basilica

The Saint-Pierre-aux-Nonnains Basilica, located in Metz, France, is an ancient church building constructed in 380 AD, making it one of the oldest churches in Europe. Originally designed as part of a Roman spa complex, the structure underwent conversion into a church in the 7th century, becoming the chapel of a Benedictine monastery. In the 1000s, a new nave was added, accompanied by further interior renovations. However, during the 16th century, the building served as a warehouse until its restoration in the 1970s.

5. Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion

The Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion, affiliated with the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, holds immense importance in Ethiopia. Its original construction is believed to have taken place during the reign of Ezana, the first Christian emperor of Ethiopia, in the 4th century AD. Throughout history, the church has undergone several reconstructions. It was destroyed by Queen Gudit in the 10th century and later demolished by Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi in the 16th century. Emperor Gelawdewos rebuilt the church, which was further expanded by Fasilides in the 17th century. The church is situated in Axum, within the Tigray Province.

6. Cathedral of Trier

The Cathedral of Trier, located in Trier, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, stands as the oldest cathedral in the country. This remarkable edifice boasts an exceptionally long lifespan, with various eras contributing to its design over time. Notably, the center of the main chapel incorporates Roman brick laid under the direction of Saint Helen. Rather than being rebuilt entirely, the cathedral gradually expanded and evolved through different periods. Its dimensions, measuring 112.5 by 41 meters, make it the largest church structure in Trier. Recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1986, the Cathedral of Trier stands as a testament to its rich and diverse history.

7. Church of Saint Simeon Stylites

The Church of Saint Simeon Stylites, situated approximately 30 kilometers northwest of Aleppo, Syria, is a well-preserved church that traces its origins back to the 5th century. Simeon Stylites once stood, who was a renowned hermit monk. Popularly known as Qalat Seman, meaning the “Fortress of Simeon,” the church attracts visitors with its historical significance and architectural beauty.

8. Hagia Sophia

Hagia Sophia, located in Istanbul, Turkey, has a complex history. Originally serving as an Orthodox patriarchal basilica since its dedication in 360, it became a Roman Catholic cathedral under the Latin Patriarch of Constantinople during the period of the Western Crusader-established Latin Empire, from 1204 to 1261. In 1453, after the conquest of Constantinople, it was converted into a mosque and remained as such until 1934 when it was secularized. Subsequently, on February 1, 1935, it was reopened as a museum. Hagia Sophia is a cherished cultural landmark, representing the convergence of various religious and architectural influences throughout centuries of history.

9. Saint Catherine’s Monastery, Mount Sinai

Saint Catherine’s Monastery, located at the foot of Mount Sinai in Saint Katherine city, Egypt, holds a significant place among the oldest functioning Christian monasteries worldwide. This Orthodox monastery, recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, shares the title of the oldest working Christian monastery with the Monastery of Saint Anthony, located across the Red Sea in the desert south of Cairo. Nestled in the Sinai Peninsula and surrounded by a gorge, Saint Catherine’s Monastery maintains its sacred presence and attracts visitors from around the world.

10. Church of the Nativity

The Church of the Nativity, located in Bethlehem, holds the remarkable distinction of being one of the oldest churches that have continuously operated throughout history. Built over the cave traditionally believed to be the birthplace of Jesus of Nazareth, this site holds immense significance for Christians worldwide. The church’s enduring presence and sanctity also make it revered by followers of Islam. As a symbol of faith and a place of pilgrimage, the Church of the Nativity showcases the enduring spiritual heritage associated with Bethlehem.